What Happened in 525BC, 425BC, 325BC, 225BC

Over the next few months we’ll have a look at some things – things which seem to me to be interesting or curious – which happened during other years ending ..25. Some years are busy; in others little seemed to have happened. Each month we’ll progress a bit further through centuries, starting this month with 525 BC and reaching 1825 in November. Most years are fairly sparce, so until things really get going in 1525 each entry will contain multiple years. So off we go at 525 BC.


Some Notable Events in 525 BC

17 September. Venus occults Antares. The next such occurrence will not take place until 17 November 2400 AD.

Unknown Date. Battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt by painting cats and other animals sacred to the Egyptians on his soldiers’ shields. The Egyptians run in fear of “harming” these animals. After conquering Egypt, the Persian king Cambyses II sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian king replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could manage to string it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.

Unknown Date. Born. Aeschylus, author of Greek tragedies.

Unknown Date. Died. Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek scientist and philosopher (b.585 BC).


Some Notable Events in 425 BC

Unknown Date. Demosthenes captures and fortifies the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus, giving Athens a strong base close to Sparta. The Battle of Pylos results in an Athenian victory leading to the surrender of many of the Spartan troops. Pylos remains in Athenian hands.

Unknown Date. Euripides’ play Hecuba is performed.Aqua Tepula aqueduct

Unknown Date. Aristophanes’ play The Acharnians is performed. Produced by Callistratus, it wins Aristophanes a first prize at the Lenaea.

Unknown Date. Died. Herodotus of Halicarnassos, Dorian Greek historian (b.484 BC).


Some Notable Events in 325 BC

Unknown Date. Alexander the Great leaves India and nominates his officer Peithon as the satrap of the region around the Indus.

Unknown Date. The first known reference to sugar cane appears in writings by Alexander the Great’s admiral Nearchus, who writes of Indian reeds “that produce honey, although there are no bees”.

Unknown Date. Born. Euclid, Greek mathematician who will come to live in Alexandria (d.c.275 BC).


Some Notable Events in 225 BC

Unknown Date. After the Battle of Faesulae (near Montepulciano) between the Gauls and a Roman army, the combined Roman forces succeed in outmanoeuvring the Gauls and force the invaders towards the coast of Tuscany. The Consul Regulus crossed from Sardinia, landed at Pisa, and was marching towards Rome. His scouts met the Celts’ advance guard head on near Telamon.

Unknown Date. Battle of Telamon: The Romans, led by the consuls Gaius Atilius Regulus and Lucius Aemilius Papus, defeated the Celts led by the Gaesatae kings Concolitanus and Aneroëstes.

Monthly Quotes

Welcome to the first of our 2025 collections of quotes, recently encountered.


Men in a state of nature, uncivilized nations, and children have a great fondness for colours in their utmost brightness.
[Goethe]


I want to live in a world where being naked in public is normal.
[unknown]


Whatever the reasons, I enjoyed being nude; it felt natural to me. I got the same kind of pleasure from being free of clothing that many people get from being well dressed.
[unknown]


Not everyone can stand the strain of gazing down too long into the personal crater, with its scene of Hieronymus Bosch activities taking place in the depths.
[Anthony Powell; To Keep the Ball Rolling]


In the matter of reforming things, as distinct from deforming them, there is one plain and simple principle; a principle which will probably be called a paradox. There exists in such a case a certain institution or law; let us say, for the sake of simplicity, a fence or gate erected across a road. The more modern type of reformer goes gaily up to it and says, “I don’t see the use of this; let us clear it away”. To which the more intelligent type of reformer will do well to answer: “If you don’t see the use of it, I certainly won’t let you clear it away. Go away and think. Then, when you can come back and tell me that you do see the use of it, I may allow you to destroy it”.

This paradox rests on the most elementary common sense. The gate or fence did not grow there. It was not set up by somnambulists who built it in their sleep. It is highly improbable that it was put there by escaped lunatics who were for some reason loose in the street. Some person had some reason for thinking it would be a good thing for somebody. And until we know what the reason was, we really cannot judge whether the reason was reasonable. It is extremely probable that we have overlooked some whole aspect of the question, if something set up by human beings like ourselves seems to be entirely meaningless and mysterious. There are reformers who get over this difficulty by assuming that all their fathers were fools; but if that be so, we can only say that folly appears to be a hereditary disease. But the truth is that nobody has any business to destroy a social institution until he has really seen it as an historical institution. If he knows how it arose, and what purposes it was supposed to serve, he may really be able to say that they were bad purposes, that they have since become bad purposes, or that they are purposes which are no longer served. But if he simply stares at the thing as a senseless monstrosity that has somehow sprung up in his path, it is he and not the traditionalist who is suffering from an illusion.
[GK Chesterton]


That men do not learn very much from the lessons of history is the most important of all the lessons of history.
[Aldous Huxley]


Always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor never the tormented.
[Elíe Wiesel, Roumainian-born American Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor]


I simply can’t understand
Why swimsuits are in such demand.
They’re soggy and damp,
Bind like a clamp,
And hold about three pounds of sand.

[DR Benson]


One idiot is one idiot. Two idiots are two idiots. Ten thousand idiots are a political party.
[Franz Kafka]


Have you ever thought about how surreal reading a book actually is? You stare at marked slices of tree for hours, hallucinating vividly. Isn’t it amazing how words can transport us to different worlds and experiences, all while staying in one place?
[unknown]


The best motto to think about is not waste things. Don’t waste electricity. Don’t waste paper. Don’t waste food. Live the way you want to live but just don’t waste. Look after the natural world, and the animals in it, and the plants in it too. This is their planet as well as ours. Don’t waste them.
[Sir David Attenborough]


The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, and wiser people so full of doubts.
[Bertrand Russell, British Philosopher]


We can blame HG Wells for popularising the notion that the future will be incomprehensibly alien, totally unlike our world now. Though his novel The Time Machine was fantastical, it reflected a broader cultural view during the industrial revolution that history hadn’t prepared us for what was coming next. Eventually, we might evolve into competing post-human species of underground Morlocks and surface-dwelling Eloi. Echoing Wells, futurists today declare that humans are either on the brink of becoming hyper-evolved cyborgs or paper clips on the desk of a godlike AI.
[Annalee Newitz; New Scientist; 11/01/2025; https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26435250-100-ancient-humans-understood-the-future-and-the-past-pretty-much-as-we-do/]


A certain kind of rich man afflicted with the symptoms of moral dandyism sooner or later comes to the conclusion that it isn’t enough merely to make money. He feels obliged to hold views, to espouse causes and elect Presidents, to explain to a trembling world how and why the world went wrong … The spectacle is nearly always comic.
[Lewis H Lapham, editor and writer (1935-2024) in 1989]
[h/t John Monaghan]


Your time on earth is limited. Don’t try to “age with grace”. Age with mischief, audacity and a great story to tell.
[unknown]


January Quiz Answers

Here are the answers to this month’s six quiz questions. If in doubt, all should be able to be easily verified online.

General Knowledge (1)

  1. What type of clothing is a Glengarry? Hat or bonnet
  2. Which country features a shipwreck on its national flag? Bermuda
  3. Which two months of the year are named for mortal men? July and August
  4. Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire is famous for which two foods? Stilton Cheese, Melton Mowbray Pork Pie
  5. Name the type of rigid airship, first flown commercially in 1910, and carrying many thousands of fare-paying passengers before WWI? Zeppelin
  6. Benjamin Disraeli once described William Ewart Gladstone as “A sophistical rhetorician, _____ with the exuberance of his own verbosity”. What is the missing word? Inebriated

Answers were correct when questions were compiled in late 2024.

Annual Impossible Exam 2024: the Answers

Way back on Christmas Eve I posted a link to this year’s King William’s College General Knowledge Paper 2024-25.

As always it was obscure and fiendishly hard.

Today the Guardian have published the answers.

I’ve not yet totted up exactly how well I didn’t do, but I doubt I have more than a handful of correct answers! Did anyone manage to get into double figures without internet searches?

This Month’s Poem

Stopping by Woods On a Snowy Evening
Robert Frost

Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

Find this poem online at Poetry Foundation

Ten Things

This year our Ten Things column each month is alternating between composers and artists a century at a time from pre-1500 to 20th century. As always, there’s no guarantee you will have heard of them all!

Ten Composers Born Before 1500

  1. Nicholas Ludford
  2. Robert Fayrfax
  3. Johannes Ockeghem
  4. Guillaume Du Fay
  5. Gilles Binchois
  6. Josquin des Prez
  7. John Taverner
  8. Robert Carver
    Robert Carver
  9. Guillaume de Machaut
  10. Antoine Busnois