All posts by Keith

I’m a controversialist and catalyst, quietly enabling others to develop by providing different ideas and views of the world. Born in London in the early 1950s and initially trained as a research chemist I retired as a senior project manager after 35 years in the IT industry. Retirement is about community give-back and finding some equilibrium. Founder and Honorary Secretary of the Anthony Powell Society. Chairman of my GP's patient group.

What Happened in 1825

So here’s our last instalment of things that happened in ..25 years of yore.


Some Notable Events in 1825

9 February. After no presidential candidate receives a majority of United States Electoral College votes following the 1824 election, the House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as President.

24 February. Died. Thomas Bowdler, English physician responsible for the Family Shakespeare and other emasculated works (b.1754).

4 March. John Quincy Adams is sworn in as the sixth President of the United States.

May. The Australian city of Brisbane is founded.

4 May. Born. Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist (d.1895).

7 May. Died. Antonio Salieri, Italian composer (b.1750).

26 May. Two Unitarian Christian bodies, the American Unitarian Association, and the British and Foreign Unitarian Association are founded, coincidentally, on the same date.

6 July. A new Combinations of Workmen Act in the UK makes trades unions legal according to narrowly defined principles.

6 August. Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a replublic at the instigation of Simón Bolivar.

18 August. Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest, through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company, for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash, in England.

27 September. The world’s first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in England.Stockton and Darlington Railway

25 October. Born. Johann Strauss, Junior, Austrian composer (d.1899).

26 October. The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.

Unknown Date. Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to produce metallic aluminium.

Unknown Date. The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London.

Unknown Date. London becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Beijing.

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Nudity & Society III: Normalising Nudity in Daily Life

This is the third of four articles addressing nudity and society. Although a series, the first three will stand alone; the fourth article will be a selection of useful supporting links. Consequently there will be overlap of material between the articles. The articles are not fully referenced (hence Article IV), although a Google search on “nudity society body acceptance” (or similar) will find many articles (academic and otherwise) relevant to the whole series, starting perhaps with British Naturism’s 2020 Submission to Parliament.


Read Article I. Read Article II.


Have you ever felt discomfort when discussing nudity? So often shroud of shame descends, dictating how we view our bodies and those around us.

But in a world where we celebrate openness and authenticity in so many areas of life, why not strip away the stigma surrounding our most natural state?

So let’s look at how, and why, normalizing nudity fosters body positivity, enhances personal freedom, and ultimately leads to a more accepting society.

Nudity has long been wrapped in layers of taboo and societal norms, making it a controversial topic. For many, the mere mention of nudity conjures up overly sexualized images or simply uncomfortable ones.

But what if embracing our natural state could instead lead to greater acceptance and understanding?

The idea of normalizing nudity isn’t only about shedding clothes; it’s also shedding the insecurities. Acknowledging – even celebrating – nudity can foster a more open-minded society; a world where nudity is viewed through a lens of body positivity and mental well-being, rather than as something to be idolised or demonised.

nude athletes on a Greek vase

Throughout history, nudity has been perceived differently by different cultures. In Ancient Greece the nude was celebrated as a symbol of beauty and athleticism. Sculptures depicted the human form in its natural state, emphasizing ideals of strength and aesthetics.

Many indigenous cultures accept nudity as part of their daily lives, seeing it as harmony with nature, rather than something to be hidden or shamed.

By contrast, during the Victorian era, society imposed strict clothing norms, associating nudity with shame and immorality – a shift which marked a significant change in how bodies were viewed publicly and privately.

Nevertheless art movements like Impressionism highlighted the naked body without sexualizing it. Artists captured raw human experience through depictions of vulnerability and authenticity.

painting of two naked girls, back to viewer, preparing to bathe in a wooded stream

These varied perspectives show that attitudes toward nudity are not fixed but evolve over time and in different cultural contexts.

Embracing nudity can lead to a real sense of freedom. When we shed clothing, we also cast off society’s expectations, fostering self-acceptance and confidence in our bodies.

Psychologically, nudism encourages body positivity, and breaks down barriers created by unrealistic beauty standards. Nudists regularly report higher levels of happiness and reduced anxiety about their appearance.

Physically, spending time without clothes promotes skin health. Sunlight is beneficial when enjoyed responsibly, providing vitamin D while promoting an appreciation of one’s body. Air and sun help to reduce skin problems such as fungal infections.

Communal nude activities strengthen social connections. Such shared experiences create bonds beyond the superficial judgments which are so often tied to attire or fashion choices.

Many people have fears about nudity which are rooted in misconceptions. One common worry is that being naked equals being sexual, as I discussed in the second post. This belief creates unnecessary shame and discomfort around the human body, as well as promoting indecency or immorality. In reality, the vast majority of nudists embrace their lifestyle for its focus on freedom and self-acceptance – not for any inappropriate reasons.

It is often thought nudity leads to objectification; but the opposite is true. When practiced respectfully, nudity leads to an appreciation of bodies for their diversity rather than being judged.

Worries about vulnerability also surface. But again, embracing nudity empowers individuals to confront insecurities head-on, thus promoting confidence over fear.

Such misunderstandings fuel the taboos surrounding nudity. By addressing these fears we pave the way to healthier attitudes about bodies (ours and others).

Teaching children about body positivity is essential in nurturing their self-esteem. When kids learn to appreciate diverse bodies, they develop a healthier relationship with themselves and others. Research has shown many times that children are noticeably unfazed by nudity until adults teach them otherwise.

Conversations around nudity foster acceptance of all shapes and sizes. Normalizing different body types helps banish the harmful stereotypes that often lead to insecurities.

As an example, in Finland sauna is a way of life, a way of being: families come together; friendships deepen. Nudity isn’t optional; it’s required. Here children learn very early on that nudity isn’t shameful, but natural. People and bodies are respected; not sexualised or judged. It’s all a normal part of being human. Even our scars tell stories.

Encouraging open dialogue creates safe spaces for children to express how they feel about their bodies. This openness builds confidence and resilience against society’s pressures. Moreover, teaching kids the beauty of authenticity fosters kindness towards others. They learn that every body tells a story worth celebrating.

Integration of body-positive messages through books, art, and media is a powerful tool in shaping perceptions. With guidance, children can grow into adults who genuinely embrace diversity, rejecting narrow standards of beauty.

Although embracing nudity can be a liberating experience, it needs to be done with respect and mindfulness.

Start by creating a comfortable environment at home. Maybe designate certain spaces where you feel safe being nude, perhaps your bathroom or bedroom. Incorporate clothing-free practices into your routine: for example skin-friendly yoga in the privacy of your living room, allowing you to connect with your body without distractions.

Another option is joining naturist events or visiting nudist beaches which promote a respectful atmosphere. Such venues provide an opportunity to socialize while embracing nudity in a safe communal setting. Or join art projects that celebrate the human body; drawing or painting nudes helps normalize the beauty of bodies without sexual connotations. Art and nature, as well as everyday life, provide opportunities for nudity without shame.

Conversations about nudity also play a crucial role. Openly discussing our feelings around nudity demystifies it and reduces fear. Encouraging family discussions about body positivity is beneficial. Sharing experiences and feelings about nudity openly (including in an age-appropriate way with children) fosters inclusive attitudes.

Research shows that normalizing nudity can significantly reduce stigma surrounding our bodies. When we embrace nudism, we challenge the unrealistic beauty standards that dominate society. As attitudes shift towards acceptance rather than judgment, people feel less compelled to hide their natural selves. Such cultural transformation builds self-acceptance of our body as well as those of others.

By introducing nudism into daily life – with clothing-optional spaces, family discussions about body positivity, or advocating for less judgment – we pave the way for healthier attitudes towards ourselves and each other. Children who grow up understanding that bodies come in all forms carry this acceptance into adulthood, along with much better body acceptance and openness.

As society evolves, we should promote the idea that our physical selves are not a source of shame, but rather of diversity and individuality. Embracing nudity enables us to appreciate authenticity without necessarily sexualizing it.

Nudity and the philosophy of nudism can transform our relationship with our body, leading to greater happiness and health for all involved. The freedom found in shedding clothes as well as society’s expectations is profound.

As I’ve said before, at the end of the day, we all know what’s under your t-shirt and jeans, my t-shirt and jeans. So why is there a problem?

Nudity & Society II: Nudity and Sex are Not Coincident

This is the second of four articles addressing nudity and society. Although a series, the first three will stand alone; the fourth article will be a selection of useful supporting links. Consequently there will be overlap of material between the articles. The articles are not fully referenced (hence Article IV), although a Google search on “nudity society body acceptance” (or similar) will find many articles (academic and otherwise) relevant to the whole series, starting perhaps with British Naturism’s 2020 Submission to Parliament.


Read Article I.


At the risk of stirring up a hornet’s nest, I want to consider something that gives people pause: nudity and sex.

Almost all societies and cultures have taboos about sex and nudity. These appear largely based around the idea that if someone is nude then sex must be involved – and vice versa. Nudity and sex become inseparable; one cannot exist without the other.

But the liberating truth is:

Nudity does not require sex;
and sex does not require nudity.

Neither needs to be a taboo.

Think about that for a minute …

When we separate nudity and sexuality, we make room for more genuine comfort and body confidence – with ourselves and with others.

Nudity doesn’t have to be sexual. Being nude doesn’t automatically mean being sexual. Sometimes (most times) it just means being comfortable – in your own skin, with no pretence or performance. Think of when nudity is about freedom or expression: sunbathing, painting a self-portrait, breastfeeding, or stepping out of the shower to feel the air on your skin. None of those moments require sexual intent to be meaningful or beautiful.

nude couple, back to us, looking across a sandy beach and sea

Unfortunately though we’ve built a whole culture of taboos around nudity. Most of us have been taught to associate nudity with shame, temptation, or worse – an equation which is at best flawed. Such conditioning makes it hard to see the body as neutral let alone something to be appreciated, rather than judged. When we uncouple nudity from sexuality, we start to see bodies (ours and others) with more compassion and less anxiety.

Sex doesn’t have to be naked. Sexuality is about connection: emotional, physical, spiritual. While we often picture it involving total nakedness, that’s certainly not always the case. People can share deep intimacy while partly or completely clothed. Words, eye contact, emotional vulnerability, can be just as intimate as anything physical – whether clothed or not.

When we realize sex is about energy, communication, and consent – as opposed to what the body looks like – it takes the pressure off; it helps us redefine intimacy in ways that feel authentic rather than performative.

We live in a culture obsessed with, but terrified of, the human body. It seems to me a large part of the problem, and the reason for the taboos, is fear: we’re frightened of nudity because we don’t understand it; we think it (might be) an invitation, a sign of doubtful morals; and we’re petrified of losing control and being unguarded.

Because we see nudity as an invitation the media and marketing droids play on it; constantly trying to sell us a new Utopia in a bottle or a bra. Meanwhile society insists we cover up, hide, or feel guilty about our bodies, our physicality. We must not be seen to give the “wrong” messages.

This kind of mixed messaging makes it hard to know what’s “appropriate” or “normal”. So no wonder we cling to the taboos; they’re the only thing we know which appears safe.

We’re brought up with these mixed messages. But it needn’t be this way. We know kids are oblivious to nudity until we teach them otherwise. Research has also shown that being around nudity does kids no harm; it actually does them good because they develop better body image, and a better ability to see through society’s bullshit. We can do this through teaching kids about consent, boundaries and context so they can see the beauty and vulnerability of the body – and of course intimacy when/where appropriate. Sexuality can, and should, be approached in the same way.

How can we hope to have balanced and open minds when there are important elements of being human we keep closed off?

If we can’t talk about sex, we end up with shame and a lack of education.

If we can’t talk about (or see) nudity, then mental health suffers and we’re constantly fearful and prudish.

Healing this starts with awareness. It’s OK to admire the human body – yours or someone else’s – without turning it into something sexual. Let’s be honest: which of us doesn’t appreciate a pretty girl or a handsome guy (depending on one’s proclivities) whether nude or not. It’s OK to feel comfortable in, appreciate, and admire your skin, your body, without shame; and it’s OK to appreciate others. The body itself isn’t the problem; it’s the meanings – so often creepy or (latently) abusive – we’ve learned to attach to it.

Everyone has different levels of comfort around nudity and sexuality. Some, like me, are completely open and unfazed regardless of circumstance (it’s how I was brought up, enabling me to develop my own beliefs); others the complete opposite; most somewhere in between. What matters is choice and consent. You get to decide what feels right for you; when, where, and with whom. In return, others deserve the same respect.

Not assuming nudity always means sex, and sex always means nudity, gives us permission to create clearer boundaries, deeper trust, and an open mind; and it’s easier to honour what’s truly comfortable, rather than what’s culturally expected.

At the end of the day, your body’s not just something you “have”; it’s an integral part of who you are. It’s not inherently sexual, shameful, or wrong. It’s your home. Learning to inhabit that home with kindness and acceptance can be incredibly healing.

Let’s accept nudity as normal; and let’s see sex the same way. But they’re not ipso facto joined. Why should we not accept nudity as normal, just as we would Fred’s new suit or Suzy’s cocktail dress? We can admire and appreciate them, without seeing them as inherently sexual.

So whether you’re fully clothed, completely nude, or somewhere in between, remember you get to define what intimacy means for you; not anyone else and certainly not society. Which means: nudity doesn’t require sex (unless all those involved consent for it to do so); and sex doesn’t require nudity. But both, when approached with awareness, consent and respect can be deeply human (even transcendental) experiences.

Monthly Quotes

November’s collection of recently encountered quotes …


His own sex life had always been rather a mystery. There was nothing so very unusual about that. Most people’s sex life is a mystery, especially that of individuals who seem to make most parade of it.
[Anthony Powell; The Military Philosophers]


You must always be willing to truly consider evidence that contradicts your beliefs, and admit the possibility that you may be wrong. Intelligence isn’t knowing everything, it’s the ability to challenge everything you know.
[unknown]


In Athens … nude sculpture is a thing. There are life size or better penises, breasts and butts in public squares, and, of course, in every museum. This is the way it has been for thousands of years. It is not so unusual, though, to observe a gaggle of young girls from the States giggling over a particular male’s anatomy, but at the very least they will know what a penis looks like. Education is a wonderful thing.
[unknown]


What spirit is so empty and blind, that it cannot recognize the fact that the foot is more noble than the shoe, and skin more beautiful than the garment with which it is clothed?
[Michelangelo]


Madness is rare in individuals, but in groups, parties, peoples, ages it is the rule.
[Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil]


There is a misconception that Buddhism is a religion, and that you worship Buddha. Buddhism is a practice, like yoga. You can be a Christian and practise Buddhism. I met a Catholic priest who lives in a Buddhist monastery in France. He told me that Buddhism makes him a better Christian. I love that.
[Thich Nhat Hanh]


I recently called an old engineering buddy of mine and asked what he was working on these days.
He replied that he was working on “aqua-thermal treatment of ceramics, aluminium and steel under
a constrained environment.”
I was impressed until, upon further inquiry, I learned that he was washing dishes with hot water under
his wife’s supervision.

[unknown]


Bees do have a smell, you know, and if they didn’t they should, for their feet are dusted with spices from a million flowers.
[Ray Bradbury; Dandelion Wine]


So many people from your past know a version of you that no longer exists anymore.
[unknown]


I have lived with several Zen masters – all of them cats.
[Eckhart Tolle]


They fear love because it creates a world they can’t control.
[George Orwell, 1984]


Nudity & Society I : What’s the Big Deal about Nudity?

This is the first of four articles addressing nudity and society. Although a series, the first three will stand alone; the fourth article will be a selection of useful supporting links. Consequently there will be overlap of material between the articles. The articles are not fully referenced (hence Article IV), although a Google search on “nudity society body acceptance” (or similar) will find many articles (academic and otherwise) relevant to the whole series, starting perhaps with British Naturism’s 2020 Submission to Parliament.


Every one of us has a body, but the simple act of showing it – or even talking about it – can set off a storm of reactions. In some parts of the world, a bare shoulder or a topless photo will cause moral panic, outrage, or even legal trouble.

So why is nudity such a big deal? Because it hasn’t always been. Homo sapiens has been wearing clothes for only the last few thousand years, or an estimated 1-2% of the species existence.

As recently as the Ancient Greeks the human form was celebrated as a thing of strength and beauty. Their statues and athletes were unapologetically nude, and there was nothing inherently scandalous about it.

However as religion and moral codes evolved – particularly through the Abrahamic religions – the idea of nakedness became entangled with sin and shame; and over time we came to see our skin as something to be hidden, controlled, or covered. And the mindset stuck.

Most of us are taught as children being naked is something to be embarrassed about, and we’re conditioned to see nudity as dangerous; it instantly crosses some invisible moral line.

Such conditioning confuses the natural with the sexual. The human body can, of course, be sensual, but it’s still human. It eats, breathes, moves, and ages! – although it’s rarely represented that way in mainstream media. Instead it’s airbrushed, idealized, and used to sell everything from perfume and lingerie to cars and kitchen refits.

Not everyone experiences these double standards the same way. Women’s bodies, in particular, have been both glorified and policed for centuries. For example there’s the current-ish debate around #freethenipple: men can go shirtless in public without a second thought, but when women do the same, it’s indecent or provocative. It’s a small example of a much larger issue – the use of modesty to enforce social control, especially over women.

Cultural differences play a huge part in this. In some communities – especially indigenous or equatorial societies – nudity isn’t shocking or taboo; it’s practical; even ordinary. By contrast in most of the West, it’s still wrapped in moral judgment. Religion, tradition, and colonial history all shape how we decide what’s “appropriate”, even if the rules no longer make much sense. The
taboo is supposedly to protect children from seeing anything not “age appropriate” – which means essentially anything the child’s parents/guardian may be uncomfortable with.

Art, however, provides an interesting contradiction as restrictions mostly don’t apply in public museums or art galleries. Nude art has been celebrated for centuries; it’s beautiful and pure: as long as it’s in a museum. But when similar images appear in the media, they’re labelled obscene. The line between “artistic” and “inappropriate” shifts continually, thus revealing our that discomfort isn’t really the body itself but about context and control. Only half jokingly, I often say that a B&W nude photograph is art; but in colour it’s pornography.

The recent rise of the body positivity and naturism movements has tried pushing back against all this. The message is simple: seeing real, unfiltered bodies makes us more accepting of ourselves and others. If we stop treating nudity as shameful and inappropriate, we’ll stop treating our bodies as problems to be fixed. But old habits die hard, and society’s obsession with modesty and image continues to dominate.

So why is nudity such a big deal? The answer is essentially because it sits at the crossroads of morality, power and identity. Our discomfort with the naked body says less about the body and more about the cultural stories told about it. Questioning those narratives can lead to a healthier and more honest relationship with ourselves and others.

Although they seldom realise it, what really makes people uncomfortable isn’t the naked body itself, but the vulnerability and honesty that come with it.

November Quiz Answers

Here are the answers to this month’s six quiz questions. If in doubt, all should be able to be easily verified online.

Physical Science & Mathematics

  1. What are the three states of matter? Solid, liquid and gas
  2. Who was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize? Marie Curie
  3. Who discovered that the earth revolves around the sun? Nicolaus Copernicus
  4. Which is the largest planet in the solar system? Jupiter
  5. In mathematics, what is the mathematical constant approximately equal to 3.14159 known as? Pi
  6. What subatomic particle has its name taken from James Joyce’s work Finnegans Wake? Quark

Answers were correct when questions were compiled in late 2024.

This Month’s Poem

Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat (opening)
TS Eliot

There’s a whisper down the line at 11.39
When the Night Mail’s ready to depart,
Saying “Skimble where is Skimble has he gone to hunt the thimble?
We must find him or the train can’t start.”
All the guards and all the porters and the stationmaster’s daughters
They are searching high and low,
Saying “Skimble where is Skimble for unless he’s very nimble
Then the Night Mail just can’t go.”
At 11.42 then the signal’s nearly due
And the passengers are frantic to a man –
Then Skimble will appear and he’ll saunter to the rear:
He’s been busy in the luggage van!

He gives one flash of his glass-green eyes
And the signal goes “All Clear!”
And we’re off at last for the northern part
Of the Northern Hemisphere!

Find this poem online at Famous Poets and Poems

Ten Things

This year our Ten Things column each month is alternating between composers and artists a century at a time from pre-1500 to 20th century. As always, there’s no guarantee you will have heard of them all!

Ten Composers Born in 20th Century

  1. Philip Glass
  2. John Cage
  3. Olivier Messian
    Olivier Messian
  4. György Ligeti
  5. John Rutter
  6. Judith Weir
  7. Constant Lambert
  8. Benjamin Britten
  9. Dmitri Shostakovich
  10. Luciano Berio