Monthly Links

WTF happened there? Where has this year gone? It’s already the end of November and we’re deep into SAD season. But let’s not despair ‘cos here’s our monthly selection of links to items you might have missed the first time round.

Science, Technology & Natural World

If you’re an AI designer the Law of Unintended Consequences is never far away. Such systems are well known for gaming the system with a solution that satisfies the stated objective but fails to solve the problem according to the human designer’s intent. There’ll be some examples at the end of this post.

A violent storm on the Sun could cripple communications on Earth and cause huge economic damage, but why are solar storms such a threat?

Health & Medicine

Here are six surprising drug interactions which often fly under the radar but which you should know about. Even I knew about only two of them.

This one is definitely straight out of the “I Don’t Believe It” drawer … apparently llama blood may provide clues to beating the flu.

Researchers at the University of Portsmouth are investigating how the proportion of fat and glandular tissue affects the perkiness of boobs, and why one bra design doesn’t fit all.

Our favourite OB/GYN, Dr Jen Gunter, takes a look at the menopause, and her personal experience in deciding how to manage it.

GPs in England are being encouraged to prescribe social activities to their patients as part of the government’s strategy to combat loneliness. But this is raising some ethical questions: are the consequences acceptable and does the initiative respect people as people?

As so often, the ancient Chinese had an inventive way of doing things: pay your doctor as long as you’re healthy; when you’re sick they’ve failed and don’t get paid.

Sexuality

Here’s one good example of why we must not be too scared to talk about teenagers having sex.

Labour MP Jess Phillips is campaigning to ensure girls are taught about their sexuality from a young age so they form healthy sexual relationships as adults and not just “how to handle and dispose of men’s pleasure safely”. Read her views here and here.

On the other side of the coin, a survey confirms that stress damages many people’s sex lives.

So now relax ‘cos you’re unlikely to be masturbating too much.

Environment

Scientific American looks at why we really do need innovative nuclear power.

History, Archaeology & Anthropology

Researchers have been taking an in depth look at Neanderthal teeth, and discovering some surprisingly intimate details of their daily life.

Meanwhile others have been dating the oldest known animal painting which has been found in a cave in Borneo. I’m glad they know it’s an animal.

Still with animals but much closer to home, archaeologists at the Vindolanda fort have uncovered a Roman dog with fur intact. Well they say it’s Roman, but they also say it is 2000 years old: both cannot be true!

Yet another group, this time at the British Museum, have been delving into Egyptian fashion and examining a 1700-year-old child’s left sock.

Since Ancient Roman times, and right up to Hollywood, witches have been seen as figures of fun as well as malevolence.

From at least 1000 years ago the Peruvians were into making holes in their heads.

Finally in this section, and coming almost up to date, a dredging project at Blenheim Palace has uncovered over 30 rooms flooded when Capability Brown created the estates lakes.

Food & Drink

The Marine Conservation Society has been looking at the humble fish finger and found that they are surprisingly sustainable and some of the best products to buy are also the cheapest.

Shock, Horror, Humour

Finally, we promised some more on the unintended consequences of AI. There are quite a few examples in a Google document, including these two:

A self-driving car which was rewarded for speed learnt to spin in circles.

In an artificial life simulation where survival required energy but giving birth had no energy cost, one species evolved a sedentary lifestyle that consisted mostly of mating in order to produce new children which could be eaten (or used as mates to produce more edible children).

Remember: If a system can be gamed, someone or something will game it.

Enjoy your Christmas turkey!

Ten Commandments for Atheists

I came across this the other day. It’s a few years old but still a worthwhile humanist take on the dreary Christian meme.

These are the ten winning beliefs of the Rethink Prize, a crowdsourcing competition to rethink the Ten Commandments. The contest drew more than 2,800 submissions from across the globe with the winners being selected by a panel of judges.

  1. Be open-minded and be willing to alter your beliefs with new evidence.
  2. Strive to understand what is most likely to be true, not to believe what you wish to be true.
  3. The scientific method is the most reliable way of understanding the natural world.
  4. Every person has the right to control of their body.
  5. God is not necessary to be a good person or to live a full and meaningful life.
  6. Be mindful of the consequences of all your actions and recognize that you must take responsibility for them.
  7. Treat others as you would want them to treat you, and can reasonably expect them to want to be treated. Think about their perspective.
  8. We have the responsibility to consider others, including future generations.
  9. There is no one right way to live.
  10. Leave the world a better place than you found it.

Teenagers and Sex

Three (I think) important articles recently about teenagers and sex. As usual we bring you key quotes, although I would recommend reading the articles themselves (none is long).

The first article reports on Labour MP Jess Phillips’ contention that the discussion of female pleasure is essential to redress the gender power imbalance.

Teach schoolgirls about orgasms (Guardian; 8 November 2018)

Schoolgirls should be taught about orgasms in sex education lesson … girls should be taught about sex from a young age in order to form healthy sexual relationships when they become adults.

[It is] vital to discuss female pleasure in order to “break down the culture of power imbalance between men and women” …

“I’m not suggesting we teach children how to masturbate, I’m suggesting we talk to them about the things they’re doing anyway.”

Women’s expectations “should be greater” and they should “start demanding more” during sex.

“I’ve made a career out of being able to talk about difficult things, and that comes from growing up in an environment where nothing was embarrassing.”

Phillips is campaigning for sex education in [all] secondary schools to be compulsory by 2020 … [E]ducating children about healthy relationships and their anatomy will reduce the risk of violence against women: “To liberate women and end violence is to break down the culture of power imbalance. Let’s stop people feeling ashamed.”

The second article is by Jess Phillips herself.

Yes, yes, yes: why female pleasure must be at the heart of sex education (Guardian; 13 November 2018)

By the time they started talking to us about [sex] at secondary school, I think in the third year (year 9), most of the girls in my class had had their first sexual encounters … The teachers were clearly counting on us not having had intercourse (although some of us had) because our sex education was about Aids … and babies. It was essentially a lesson in contraception.

Sex and relationships were never discussed in our contraceptive education. It was all about the dangers of a man climaxing … We were shown how to handle and dispose of men’s pleasure safely.

[T]he average member of the British public thinks men need sex more than women … This is a cultural norm we have all accepted and it seeps into how we live our lives and teach our children. Men don’t need sex any more than women, they just enjoy it more because it has a guaranteed payoff.

“Just say no” doesn’t work, so perhaps we need to try teaching young people about why they might want to say “yes”. What does good, healthy and happy sex look like, for example?

Girls masturbate, girls know all about what they like and want. They also know what boys like and want. Boys only know the latter. Girls and boys spend at least the first 10 years of their sex lives focusing exclusively on what boys want … Would it hurt to talk to both boys and girls about how sex should be for both parties? Giving girls a bit of hope that shagging won’t just lead to them dripping in breast milk or being a witness in a trial.

I don’t want young girls growing up thinking that sex is just something that happens to us. I want boys and girls to know that it should be about both people not just agreeing, but also enjoying it.

The third article is from a young Nigerian, Jennifer Amadi, who lost a close friend to a DIY abortion because everyone had been too scared to talk to teenagers about sex.

The world must not be too scared to talk about teenagers having sex (Guardian; 9 November 2018)

[T]the world is too scared to talk about teenagers having sex. And young people are losing their lives and livelihoods as a result.

I see these attitudes everywhere, from Nigeria to the UK. Parents who are too uncomfortable to have “the talk” with their kids, nurses who deny young girls contraceptives because they think they’re “too young to have sex”, education ministers who believe the best policy for addressing teenage pregnancies is a sound beating paired with expulsion rather than comprehensive sex education classes.

[P]oliticians … worry that supporting programmes that increase youth access to contraception will cost them their jobs … fearful leaders … earmark foreign aid for politically safe initiatives like abstinence-based sex-ed or programmes that only provide birth control to married women.

There are 1.2 billion people in the world between the ages of 10 to 19 and most live in developing countries …

[W]here the world fails to deliver for its young people … teenagers continue to have unintended pregnancies. Millions of girls experience health issues stemming from pregnancy and childbirth their bodies aren’t ready for, and efforts to improve gender equality are upended as teenage mothers are forced to drop out of school and face lifelong economic insecurity … this has the potential to put the economic and social progress of entire countries at risk, and has lasting implications for global trade, migration and foreign affairs.

[I]nvest in our young people so they can get reliable information about reproductive health and birth control. They decide when to have children and how many to have. They become the biggest generation of educated, empowered, working adults the world has seen. They break the cycle of poverty for their families and shape the future of their countries.

As I keep saying, time to wake up and smell the coffee. With the UK government currently looking at reforming sex education in the classroom this country has the opportunity to lead the world. But it needs imagination and bravery, something for which the UK government has never been noted.

Monthly Quotes

Welcome to our latest monthly series of quotes amusing and thought-provoking.

You don’t have to be positive all the time. It’s perfectly okay to feel sad, angry, annoyed, frustrated, scared or anxious. Having feelings doesn’t make you a negative person, it makes you human.
[Lori Deschene]

Be well advised and assured what matter you put in his head: for you shall never pull it out again.
[Cardinal Wolsey]

It is a great relief to find that we can accept all things for what they are, whether miracles or tragedies.
[Christmas Humphreys]

In autumn there were days of fog that called the truth of everyday experience into question.
[Esther Kinsky, River]

Is there a book you really wish you’d written yourself? A Dance to the Music of Time, by Anthony Powell. That book was a fascinating primer for me in how to write a sequence of books with the same cast of characters, and having the main character age along the way. This notion that life is a dance to the music of time – if you’re writing a series it’s crucial to know how to do it.
[Ian Rankin, Guardian, 3 November 2018]

Having anxiety and depression is like being scared and tired at the same time. It’s the fear of failure, but no urge to be productive. It’s wanting friends, but hating socializing. It’s wanting to be alone, but not wanting to be lonely. It’s caring about everything, then caring about nothing. It’s feeling everything at once, then feeling paralysingly numb.
[unknown]

If a system can be gamed, someone or something will game it.
For example …
Reward a simulated car for continuously going at high speed, and it will learn to rapidly spin in a circle.
Or alternatively …
I hooked a neural network up to my Roomba. I wanted it to learn to navigate without bumping into things, so I set up a reward scheme to encourage speed and discourage hitting the bumper sensors. It learnt to drive backwards, because there are no bumpers on the back.
[Quoted at http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2018/11/self-driving-car-rewarded-for-speed.html]

Trying to make science efficient requires figuring out what “efficient science” would be.
[Sean S, in a comment at http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2018/11/self-driving-car-rewarded-for-speed.html]

Fascists, to begin with, can seem [feckless] at the start, but because they lack any sort of civilized inhibitions, they forge ahead, intent on winning their way at whatever cost to others. Even worse, they believe … in their definition of duty and success without any of the qualms or reservations that trouble finer sensibilities.
[Carl Rollyson, “Anthony Powell and his People” at
https://www.weeklystandard.com/carl-rollyson/anthony-powell-and-his-people]

We all seem to have a good idea of what useful advice is: using our knowledge and experience to tell others how to narrow down their options and zero in on the right move. But new research … shows that there is a better way to approach advice. People seeking advice are generally not interested in being told what to do, but in gathering information so that they will have more alternatives and perspectives to consider. This mismatch causes problems: the advice we give others ends up being less helpful, the recipients don’t follow our recommendations, and we view them negatively as a result.
[Francesca Gino, “How to Give Better Advice” at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-give-better-advice/]

No notion espoused by an economist of whatever leaning has had any greater predictive power than a chimp trying to choose a winning horse at the Grand National.
[Letter from Sam Edge at https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg24032032-300-folk-economic-beliefs-are-not-so-stupid-2/]

Boris Johnson, Nigel Farage and Jacob Rees-Mogg are all, like Donald Trump, reality TV stars … In the media circus, the clowns have the starring roles. And clowns in politics are dangerous.
[George Monbiot at https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/03/cult-personality-politics-boris-trump-corbyn-george-monbiot]

MeMe More

OK, so here’s another silly meme I picked up the other day on Facebook, for no other reason than I have 5 minutes to waste. No-one gets tagged, just join in if you want to.

?  Marriages: 1
?  Divorces: 0
?‍?  Children: 0 (from choice)
?  Grandchildren: Not possible!
?  Pets right now: 3 cats: Tilly (5), Rosie (2), Boy (1)
??‍⚕️  Surgeries: at least 6
✒  Tattoo: 0
??  Piercings: 1
✋?  Quit a job: Yes
?  Been to an Island: Yes
?  What do You drive: My wife nuts
✈️  Flown on a plane: Yes
?  Best Vacation: Harz Mountains
?  Favourite Drink: Adnams Ghost Ship or Adnams Dry Hopped Lager
?  Rode in ambulance: Yes
?  Sang karaoke: Not likely!
❄  Ice skating: No chance!
?  Been surfing: Again, not a chance!
?  Been on a Cruise: I hate the very idea
?  Rode on a motorcycle: Scooter yes, motorbike no
?  Own a motorcycle: No
?  Rode on a horse? Yes
?  Almost died: No, I’m still here to annoy you
?  Stayed in a hospital: Yes
?  Favourite fruit: Grapefruit
?  Favourite day: Possibly Saturday
?  Favourite colour: Depends on my mood
?  Last phone call: Tom
?  Last text: Received: my bank; Sent: John B
?  Watched someone die: No
?️  Coffee or Tea: Tea, strong, preferably Earl Grey
?  Favourite pie: English pork pie
?  Pizza: Yes
?  Cats or Dogs: Always cats
?  Favourite Season: Spring/early Summer
☘️  Favourite holiday: quiet non-commercialised seaside